# FxPaul

Math in finance or vice versa

## Hidden Markov Model for application store ratings

Hidden Markov model (HMM) is a statistical model in which the system is assumed to be a Markov process with hidden states. Those states can be recovered by outputs, observed sequences. In other words, it is possible to infer some probabilistic properties of the system by outputs.

As an off-topic, application stores usually give ranking to apps by user comments and rankings. The simplest way to derive an app rating is to calculate average or median, i.e. some statistical property based on rating samples. For average rating not being a robust statistics, its value is affected by outliers, for instance, by deviant rankings submitted by users. Thus a robust procedure might be used to improve ranking.

In fact we can apply HMM mechanics to infer real application rating by the most likely explanation of observed user rankings. Let’s see how to do that.

Written by fxpaul

November 2, 2011 at 17:10

Posted in thoughts

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## Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Stochastic Process Parameters

Maximum Likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method of parameter estimations of statistical model. The base idea is to establish joint density probability for observations and to maximize its value by model’s parameters. To say it differently, we are looking for the most probable explanation of observed data.

### Problem setup

Assume that we’re given a one-dimensional stochastic process:
$dS_t = \mu dt + \sigma dW_t$
where $\mu$ and $\sigma$ are some functions of arguments $\theta$.

We observe this process by measuring $\latex S_i(t_i)$ where $i=1..N$. For sake of simplicity assume that observations are equidistant in time, i.e. $\Delta t = t_{i-1} - t_i = const$.

So, let’s estimate parameters.

Written by fxpaul

November 2, 2011 at 08:00

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## SABR model calibration – attempt 2

The SABR model is a stochastic volatility model, which attempts to capture the volatility smile in derivatives markets. The name stands for “Stochastic Alpha, Beta, Rho”, referring to the parameters of the model. It was developed by Patrick Hagan, Deep Kumar, Andrew Lesniewski, and Diana Woodward.

The SABR model describes a single forward F, such as a LIBOR forward rate, a forward swap rate, or a forward stock price. The volatility of the forward F is described by a parameter σ. SABR is a dynamic model in which both F and σ are represented by stochastic state variables whose time evolution is given by the following system of stochastic differential equations:
$dF_t = \sigma_t F_t^{\beta} dW_t$
$d\sigma_t = \alpha\sigma_t dZ_t$
Constant parameters should satisfy the condition $0 \leq \beta \leq 1, \alpha \geq 0$
Here, $W_t$ and $Z_t$ are two correlated Wiener processes with correlation coefficient $-1\leq\rho\leq 1$. For simplicity sake, we assume that $\beta = 1$, therefore, we put $dZ_t dW_t = \rho dt$:
$dF_t = \sigma_t F_t dW_t$
$d\sigma_t = \alpha\sigma_t dZ_t$

Written by fxpaul

November 1, 2011 at 13:50

Correlation trading is based on few simple ideas:

1. Correlations are changing with time
2. Correlations of pairs of 3 currencies are bounded by strict equation
3. Correlation is bound in the interval $[-1, 1]$

Therefore, one may try to “buy correlation” at -1 and to “sell it” at +1.

Written by fxpaul

November 1, 2011 at 13:04

## Exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and USD/CHF

In the previous post USD/CHF is considered to follow a mean-reverting process. Let’s look at the dynamics of the process during the days of year 2010.

## Calibration procedure

Calibration is simple: get logs of prices and calibrate against classic Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process as it is described here.
Read the rest of this entry »

Written by fxpaul

July 25, 2011 at 14:19

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## SABR model calibration

Don’t use this!

The SABR model is a stochastic volatility model, which attempts to capture the volatility smile in derivatives markets. The name stands for “Stochastic Alpha, Beta, Rho”, referring to the parameters of the model. It was developed by Patrick Hagan, Deep Kumar, Andrew Lesniewski, and Diana Woodward.

The SABR model describes a single forward F, such as a LIBOR forward rate, a forward swap rate, or a forward stock price. The volatility of the forward F is described by a parameter σ. SABR is a dynamic model in which both F and σ are represented by stochastic state variables whose time evolution is given by the following system of stochastic differential equations:
$dF_t = \sigma_t F_t^{\beta} dW_t$
$d\sigma_t = \alpha\sigma_t dZ_t$
Constant parameters should satisfy the condition $0 \leq \beta \leq 1, \alpha \geq 0$
Here, $W_t$ and $Z_t$ are two correlated Wiener processes with correlation coefficient $-1\leq\rho\leq 1$. For simplicity sake, we assume that $\rho = 1$, therefore, we put $Z_t = W_t$:
$dF_t = \sigma_t F_t^{\beta} dW_t$
$d\sigma_t = \alpha\sigma_t dW_t$

Written by fxpaul

June 17, 2011 at 09:27